Anoxia elicits the strongest stimulatory protective response in insect low-oxygen hormesis

The manipulation of oxygen to trigger the stimulatory response known as hormesis is an area interest in insects that was born almost fifty years ago. Varying low-oxygen treatments have been investigated many times since with differing responses found; some hormetic/some harmful. In this review, we summarize recent advancements a focus on severe hypoxia and anoxia. These two fall below critical partial pressure (PO2, often referred Pcrit), level where metabolism impaired, for represent most robust forms type hormesis, yielding largest protective recorded insects. We introduce six factors influence effectiveness hormesis: content, length age at treatment, treatment method, sex, genetic background. Additionally, present glimpse mechanism hormesis.